Alveolar morphometry in young adults with and without agenesis of the upper lateral incisor: A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to compare alveolar morphometry in young adults with agenesis of the upper lateral incisor versus the side without agenesis and versus matched controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this observational retrospective study, cone beam computed tomography scans were obtained of 36 upper hemiarches from young adults aged 15 to 30 years. The hemiarches were distributed into three groups: group 1: 12 upper hemiarches presenting agenesis of the upper lateral incisor; group 2: 12 upper hemiarches from the opposite side without agenesis of the upper lateral incisor (control group 1); and group 3: 12 upper hemiarches without agenesis of the upper lateral incisor matched for age and sex with respect to the affected group (control group 2). A trained and calibrated investigator performed all the alveolar measurements at two different times, including sagittal, coronal and axial slices of each hemiarch. Paired Student's t-tests, Chi-square and repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were used, (P<0.05). RESULTS: Apical mesial evaluation of group 1 (4.22±1.19mm) was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that of groups 2 (6.72±1.17mm) and 3 (7.58±1.67mm). Apical distal evaluation also showed differences (P<0.001) among the three groups, with the dimension being smaller in group 1 with agenesis (4.53±1.14mm), followed by group 2 without agenesis (6.23±1.55mm) and the healthy control group 3 (7.73±1.71mm). CONCLUSIONS: Lateral incisor agenesis significantly reduces the alveolar dimensions of the affected area. In cases of unilateral agenesis, the unaffected side also shows sequelae, with decreased dimensions compared to cases without agenesis. This condition should be taken into account when making therapeutic decisions regarding rehabilitation with implants or canine replacement.

An orthogonalized PYR1-based CID module with reprogrammable ligand-binding specificity.

Plants sense abscisic acid (ABA) using chemical-induced dimerization (CID) modules, including the receptor PYR1 and HAB1, a phosphatase inhibited by ligand-activated PYR1. This system is unique because of the relative ease with which ligand recognition can be reprogrammed. To expand the PYR1 system, we designed an orthogonal '*' module, which harbors a dimer interface salt bridge; X-ray crystallographic, biochemical and in vivo analyses confirm its orthogonality. We used this module to create PYR1*MANDI/HAB1* and PYR1*AZIN/HAB1*, which possess nanomolar sensitivities to their activating ligands mandipropamid and azinphos-ethyl. Experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrate the sensitive detection of banned organophosphate contaminants using living biosensors and the construction of multi-input/output genetic circuits. Our new modules enable ligand-programmable multi-channel CID systems for plant and eukaryotic synthetic biology that can empower new plant-based and microbe-based sensing modalities.

High-Performance Cannabinoid Sensor Empowered by Plant Hormone Receptors and Antifouling Magnetic Nanorods.

The misuse of cannabinoids and their synthetic variants poses significant threats to public health, necessitating the development of advanced techniques for detection of these compounds in biological or environmental samples. Existing methods face challenges like lengthy sample pretreatment and laborious antifouling steps. Herein, we present a novel sensing platform using magnetic nanorods coated with zwitterionic polymers for the simple, rapid, and sensitive detection of cannabinoids in biofluids. Our technique utilizes the engineered derivatives of the plant hormone receptor Pyrabactin Resistance 1 (PYR1) as drug recognition elements and employs the chemical-induced dimerization (CID) mechanism for signal development. Additionally, the magnetic nanorods facilitate efficient target capture and reduce the assay duration. Moreover, the zwitterionic polymer coating exhibits excellent antifouling capability, preserving excellent sensor performance in complex biofluids. Our sensors detect cannabinoids in undiluted biofluids like serum, saliva, and urine with a low limit of detection (0.002 pM in saliva and few pM in urine and serum) and dynamic ranges spanning up to 9 orders of magnitude. Moreover, the PYR1 derivatives demonstrate high specificity even in the presence of multiple interfering compounds. This work opens new opportunities for sensor development, showcasing the excellent performance of antifouling magnetic nanorods that can be compatible with different recognition units, including receptors and antibodies, for detecting a variety of targets.

Aproximación al ciberdelincuente desde la perspectiva del control social / Approaching the cybercriminal from a perspective of social control / Abordagem do criminoso cibernético a partir de uma perspectiva de controle social

El presente artículo aporta un acercamiento al ciberdelincuente identificando las características comunes en la personalidad de quienes delinquen en este escenario. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se tomó una muestra de diecinueve expertos que forman parte de la Dirección de Investigación Criminal e INTERPOL, abordados por entrevista en profundidad. Los datos obtenidos fueron tratados desde un diseño hermenéutico con énfasis en la teoría fundamentada, por medio de tres fases elaboradas en análisis matricial de codificación abierta, selectiva y teórica; a partir de las cuales se establecen algunas de las tácticas del ciberdelincuente desplegadas en el ciberespacio a través de tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones; su descripción desde el modelo big five y se identifican algunas de sus características como la falta de empatía, escrúpulos, incapacidad para el control de emociones, confianza y capacidad de innovar sus modus operandi(Sánchez y Robles, 2013). Finalmente, desde las teorías del control social se han estudiado el ciberdelito y los actos del ciberdelincuente de una manera formal que vela por encontrar estrategias de control del Estado, según González (2010), o informal, que busca los motivos que conducen a cometer delitos, como lo afirma López (2015), a partir de lo cual, al final, se presentan algunas recomendaciones.

This article provides an approach to cybercriminals by identifying the common characteristics in the personality of those who commit crimes in this scenario. In order to carry out the research, a sample of nineteen experts from the Criminal Investigation Directorate and INTERPOL were interviewed in depth. The data obtained were treated based on a hermeneutic design with emphasis on grounded theory, by means of three phases elaborated in matrix analysis of open, selective and theoretical coding; from which some of the tactics of cybercriminals deployed in cyberspace through information and communication technologies are established; their description based on the big five model and the identification of several of their characteristics such as lack of empathy, scruples, the inability to control emotions, confidence and the ability to innovate their modus operandi (Sánchez y Robles, 2013). Finally, theories of social control have studied cybercrime and the acts of cybercriminals in a formal way that seeks to find strategies to control the State, according to González (2010), or informally, seeking the motives that lead to committing crimes, as stated by López (2015), on the basis of which, at the end, some recommendations are presented.

Este artigo traz uma abordagem sobre os cibercriminosos, identificando as características comuns na personalidade de quem comete crimes nesse cenário. Para a realização da investigação foi recolhida uma amostra de dezanove peritos que integram a Direcção de Investigação Criminal e a INTERPOL, abordados através de entrevista em profundidade. Os dados obtidos foram tratados a partir de um desenho hermenêutico com ênfase na teoria fundamentada, por meio de três fases desenvolvidas em análise matricial de codificação aberta, seletiva e teórica; a partir da qual se estabelecem algumas das táticas cibercriminosas implantadas no ciberespaço através das tecnologias de informação e comunicação; A sua descrição baseia-se no modelo dos big five e são identificadas algumas das suas características, como a falta de empatia, escrúpulos, incapacidade de controlar emoções, confiança e capacidade de inovar o seu modus operandi (Sánchez y Robles, 2013). Por fim, a partir das teorias de controle social, o cibercrime e os atos dos cibercriminosos têm sido estudados de forma formal, que busca encontrar estratégias de controle do Estado, segundo González (2010), ou informalmente, que busca os motivos que levam ao cometimento dos crimes. , conforme afirma López (2015), a partir do qual, ao final, são apresentadas algumas recomendações.

Innovative perspectives in limbic surgery using deep brain stimulation.

Limbic surgery is one of the most attractive and retaken fields of functional neurosurgery in the last two decades. Psychiatric surgery emerged from the incipient work of Moniz and Lima lesioning the prefrontal cortex in agitated patients. Since the onset of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery with Spiegel and Wycis, the treatment of mental diseases gave attention to refractory illnesses mainly with the use of thalamotomies. Neurosis and some psychotic symptoms were treated by them. Several indications when lesioning the brain were included: obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and aggressiveness among others with a diversity of targets. The indiscriminately use of anatomical sites without enough scientific evidence, and uncertainly defined criteria for selecting patients merged with a deficiency in ethical aspects, brought a lack of procedures for a long time: only select clinics allowed this surgery around the world from 1950 to the 1990s. In 1999, Nuttin et al. began a new chapter in limbic surgery with the use of Deep Brain Stimulation, based on the experience of pain, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. The efforts were focused on different targets to treat depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Nevertheless, other diseases were added to use neuromodulation. The goal of this article is to show the new opportunities to treat neuropsychiatric diseases.

Sensory plastid-associated PsbP DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 3 triggers plant growth- and defense-related epigenetic responses.

Sensory plastids are important in plant responses to environmental changes. Previous studies show that MutS HOMOLOG 1 (MSH1) perturbation in sensory plastids induces heritable epigenetic phenotype adjustment. Previously, the PsbP homolog DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 3 (PPD3), a protein of unknown function, was postulated to be an interactor with MSH1. This study investigates the relationship of PPD3 with MSH1 and with plant environmental sensing. The ppd3 mutant displays a whole-plant phenotype variably altered in growth rate, flowering time, reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation and response to salt, with effects on meristem growth. Present in both chloroplasts and sensory plastids, PPD3 colocalized with MSH1 in root tips but not in leaf tissues. The suppression or overexpression of PPD3 affected the plant growth rate and stress tolerance, and led to a heritable, heterogenous 'memory' state with both dwarfed and vigorous growth phenotypes. Gene expression and DNA methylome data sets from PPD3-OX and derived memory states showed enrichment in growth versus defense networks and meristem effects. Our results support a model of sensory plastid influence on nuclear epigenetic behavior and ppd3 as a second trigger, functioning within meristem plastids to recalibrate growth plasticity.

Prognostic factors of unilateral prelemniscal radiations radiofrequency lesions: A surgical technique for the treatment of Parkinson's disease motor symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: A group of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were managed with unilateral prelemniscal radiation radiofrequency lesions (U-Raprl). The current study aims to evaluate prognostic factors that could influence clinical response. METHODS: Patients previously diagnosed with PD managed with U-Raprl were included in the study, classifying them into two groups according to their percentage of clinical response ( 1.5), Age (p < 0.0001, ∆ = 2.38), Evolution (p < 0.0001, ∆ = 2.38), and post-operative UPDRS (p < 0.01, ∆ = 1.38). The qualitative analysis of the distribution regarding the responder group shows that those patients with an age under 58 years, an evolution fewer than 7 years, and a preoperative HYS score smaller than 2, showed a response ≥ 50% according to the UPDRS-III in all cases. CONCLUSION: U-Raprl is a highly effective procedure with a 5-year persistence of improvement. The most relevant prognostic factors to consider for a clinical response according to UPDRS-III greater than 50% are age under 58 years, less than 7 years of PD evolution, and HYS less or equal to 3.

Evolution and Revolution of Imaging Technologies in Neurosurgery.

We understand only a small fraction of the events happening in our brains; therefore, despite all the progress made thus far, a whole array of questions remains. Nonetheless, neurosurgeons invented new tools to circumvent the challenges that had plagued their predecessors. With the manufacturing boom of the 20th century, technological innovations blossomed enabling the neuroscientific community to study and operate upon the living brain in finer detail and with greater precision while avoiding harm to the nervous system. The purpose of this chronological review is to 1) raise awareness among future neurosurgeons about the latest advances in the field, 2) become familiar with innovations such as augmented reality (AR) that should be included in education given their ready applicability in surgical training, and 3) be comfortable with customizing these technologies to real-life cases like in the case of mixed reality.

Enzymatic isomerization of ζ-carotene mediated by the heme-containing isomerase Z-ISO.

Carotenoids are a large and diverse class of isoprenoid compounds synthesized by plants, algae, some bacteria, arthropods, and fungi. These pigments contribute to plant growth and survival by protecting plants from photooxidative stress and serving as precursors of plant hormones and other signaling compounds. In humans, carotenoids are essential components of the diet and contribute anti-oxidant and provitamin A activities. Carotenoids are synthesized in the membranes of plant plastids where phytoene is converted into all trans lycopene by a biosynthetic pathway that was only recently completed by the discovery of the new enzyme, 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which controls carotenoid pathway flux to products necessary for plant development and function. Z-ISO catalysis of the cis to trans isomerization of the 15-cis double bond in 15-cis-ζ-carotene is mediated by a unique mechanism dependent on the redox-state of a heme b cofactor. This chapter describe methods for the functional analysis of Z-ISO, including complementation of Z-ISO in engineered E. coli, separation of Z-ISO enzyme substrate and products, ζ-carotene isomers, by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), expression and purification of Z-ISO and in vitro enzymatic reactions.

Rapid biosensor development using plant hormone receptors as reprogrammable scaffolds.

A general method to generate biosensors for user-defined molecules could provide detection tools for a wide range of biological applications. Here, we describe an approach for the rapid engineering of biosensors using PYR1 (Pyrabactin Resistance 1), a plant abscisic acid (ABA) receptor with a malleable ligand-binding pocket and a requirement for ligand-induced heterodimerization, which facilitates the construction of sense-response functions. We applied this platform to evolve 21 sensors with nanomolar to micromolar sensitivities for a range of small molecules, including structurally diverse natural and synthetic cannabinoids and several organophosphates. X-ray crystallography analysis revealed the mechanistic basis for new ligand recognition by an evolved cannabinoid receptor. We demonstrate that PYR1-derived receptors are readily ported to various ligand-responsive outputs, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like assays, luminescence by protein-fragment complementation and transcriptional circuits, all with picomolar to nanomolar sensitivity. PYR1 provides a scaffold for rapidly evolving new biosensors for diverse sense-response applications.

Bibliometric Analysis of Mexican Publications on Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery From 1949 to 2021.

Background: Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery (SFN) is a rapidly evolving field and some emerging countries, especially Mexico, have made significant contributions to this discipline. A bibliometric analysis has never been performed in Latin America, and this would be particularly important to show the areas that remain poorly studied, and design research strategies for the future. Methods: Scopus was queried using keywords pertaining to functional neurosurgery, restricting the affiliation country to Mexico, and considering documents published after 1949. Added to the initial search, a complementary literature exploration by author, considering the publications of the most productive neurosurgeons, was performed. A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. Results: From 5,109 articles, only 371 were eligible. Scientific production has gradually increased with time. Epilepsy (31%) and movement disorders (27.4%) were the most studied neurological conditions, whereas the other 41.6% corresponded to pain, behavior disorders, spinal cord injuries, neuromodulation, stereotactic biopsies, and SFN history. Level of evidence was predominantly level V (59.1%). Publication output is highly skewed to Mexico City, which represents 78.4% of national production. Relative to factors associated with impact of research, publications in English had more citations (28.5 mean citations per paper), and journals with an impact factor greater than one had more than 10 mean citations per paper. Conclusions: Mexico has experienced an increase in the productivity of SFN literature, addressing the most prevalent issues in the country (epilepsy and motor disorders). However, it is necessary to report studies with a higher level of evidence, as well as to decentralize the research collaborating with national institutions outside Mexico City. On the other hand, it is imperative to promote scientific production in English and in high-impact indexed journals to increase the visibility of our production. We would like to call upon our colleagues in other countries to reproduce our methodology, in order to determine the factors associated with the impact and productivity on SFN research.

Lumbar dermoid cysts: 3 illustrative cases and a total review of the literature of the last two decades / Quistes dermoides lumbares: 3 casos ilustrativos y revisión completa de la literatura en las últimas 2 décadas

Spinal dermoid cysts are relatively infrequent tumors generally associated with a benign course. Here we describe three cases and analyzed the 109 cases of lumbar dermal cysts described in the literature in the last 20 years. We report a pediatric patient with a dermoid cyst posterior to a lumbar surgery for myelomeningocele repair with bad evolution; and two adult patients with the affection of the motor and autonomic function with good surgical outcomes. In approximately half of the reviewed cases, it was reported at least one complication. In fact, two cases had a fatal outcome. We discuss relevant characteristics of these lesions and those aspects probably associated with complications and bad outcomes (AU)

Los quistes dermoides espinales son tumores relativamente infrecuentes, generalmente asociados con un curso benigno. Aquí describimos 3 casos y analizamos los 109 casos de quistes dermoides lumbares descritos en la literatura en los últimos 20 años. Nosotros reportamos un paciente pediátrico quien presentó un quiste dermoide secundario a una cirugía de reparación de mielomeningocele con mala evolución; y 2 pacientes adultos con decremento de la fuerza en las extremidades y afección autonómica con buenos resultados posquirúrgicos. En la revisión de la literatura es destacable que en aproximadamente la mitad de los casos se informó al menos una complicación. Incluso, se reportaron 2 defunciones. Se discuten aquí las características relevantes de estas lesiones y aquellos aspectos probablemente asociados con complicaciones y mala evolució (AU)

Parents' perspectives on a smartwatch intervention for children with ADHD: Rapid deployment and feasibility evaluation of a pilot intervention to support distance learning during COVID-19.

Distance learning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic presented tremendous challenges for many families. Parents were expected to support children's learning, often while also working from home. Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are at particularly high risk for setbacks due to difficulties with organization and increased risk of not participating in scheduled online learning. This paper explores how smartwatch technology, including timing notifications, can support children with ADHD during distance learning due to COVID-19. We implemented a 6-week pilot study of a Digital Health Intervention (DHI) with ten families. The DHI included a smartwatch and a smartphone. Google calendars were synchronized across devices to guide children through daily schedules. After the sixth week, we conducted parent interviews to understand the use of smartwatches and the impact on children's functioning, and we collected physiological data directly from the smartwatch. Our results demonstrated that children successfully adopted the use of the smartwatch, and parents believed the intervention was helpful, especially in supporting the development of organizational skills in their children. Overall, we illustrate how even simple DHIs, such as using smartwatches to promote daily organization and task completion, have the potential to support children and families, particularly during periods of distance learning. We include practical suggestions to help professionals teach children with ADHD to use smartwatches to improve organization and task completion, especially as it applies to supporting remote instruction.

A Case of Dentatotomy for Pain and Spasticity and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Surgical interventions for spasticity aim to improve motor function and pain in cases that are refractory to medical treatment. Ablation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (dentatotomy) may be a useful alternative. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old male patient with spasticity, secondary to a traumatic cervical spinal cord injury with quadriparesis, had bilateral lumbar DREZotomy with an improvement that lasted for 6 years. Ten years after the DREZotomy, a progressive increased spasticity manifested as spastic diplegia (Ashworth 4) and spontaneous muscle painful spasms (Penn 4), as well as spasticity in the upper extremities, predominantly on the right side (Ashworth 3). A right radio frequency dentatotomy was performed with intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring. Spasticity scales were applied at the following times: preoperative and at 1 and 8 months after surgery. During the first month, the patient presented a clear decrease in spasticity ipsilateral to the side of lesioning (Ashworth 1) and of painful spasms in the lower extremities (Penn 1). After 8 months, spasticity ipsilateral to the injury decreased even more to Ashworth (0), but a progressive increase in muscle spasms of lower extremities was observed (Penn 2). CONCLUSION: Stereotactic dentatotomy may be an effective surgical alternative for management of spasticity associated with painful spasms in selected patients.

Women in Neurosurgery: First Neurosurgeon in Latin America and Current Mexican Leaders.

BACKGROUND: History has taught us that Mexican culture has been largely supported by women, despite gender prejudice from the society. Neurosurgery has not been the exception. Therefore, we investigated the challenges and influence of female neurosurgeons in Mexico. METHODS: We conducted a review of the literature and an analysis of the internal database of the Mexican Society of Neurological Surgery focusing on 3 topics: 1) the historical presence of women and gender inequality in Mexico; 2) the life and legacy of the woman who became the first neurosurgeon in Mexico and in Latin America; and 3) the participation of women in neurosurgery in the past 3 decades. RESULTS: In Latin America, the first woman in neurosurgery was María Cristina García-Sancho, who completed her neurosurgical training in 1951. Currently, women represent 6.2% of the total members of the Mexican Society of Neurological Surgery (MSNS). This percentage is still low, although data collected in this study suggest that it might increase in the next few years because 16.7% of Board Directors of the MSNS are women, the next elected president is a female neurosurgeon, and 14.5% of neurosurgery residents are women. CONCLUSIONS: Although a steady increase has occurred of women in neurosurgery in Mexico, there is still work to do, especially to overcome the barriers related to the old assumptions of the cultural and social roles of women.

Lumbar dermoid cysts: 3 illustrative cases and a total review of the literature of the last two decades.

Spinal dermoid cysts are relatively infrequent tumors generally associated with a benign course. Here we describe three cases and analyzed the 109 cases of lumbar dermal cysts described in the literature in the last 20 years. We report a pediatric patient with a dermoid cyst posterior to a lumbar surgery for myelomeningocele repair with bad evolution; and two adult patients with the affection of the motor and autonomic function with good surgical outcomes. In approximately half of the reviewed cases, it was reported at least one complication. In fact, two cases had a fatal outcome. We discuss relevant characteristics of these lesions and those aspects probably associated with complications and bad outcomes.

Automatic construction of molecular similarity networks for visual graph mining in chemical space of bioactive peptides: an unsupervised learning approach.

The increasing interest in bioactive peptides with therapeutic potentials has been reflected in a large variety of biological databases published over the last years. However, the knowledge discovery process from these heterogeneous data sources is a nontrivial task, becoming the essence of our research endeavor. Therefore, we devise a unified data model based on molecular similarity networks for representing a chemical reference space of bioactive peptides, having an implicit knowledge that is currently not explicitly accessed in existing biological databases. Indeed, our main contribution is a novel workflow for the automatic construction of such similarity networks, enabling visual graph mining techniques to uncover new insights from the "ocean" of known bioactive peptides. The workflow presented here relies on the following sequential steps: (i) calculation of molecular descriptors by applying statistical and aggregation operators on amino acid property vectors; (ii) a two-stage unsupervised feature selection method to identify an optimized subset of descriptors using the concepts of entropy and mutual information; (iii) generation of sparse networks where nodes represent bioactive peptides, and edges between two nodes denote their pairwise similarity/distance relationships in the defined descriptor space; and (iv) exploratory analysis using visual inspection in combination with clustering and network science techniques. For practical purposes, the proposed workflow has been implemented in our visual analytics software tool ( http://mobiosd-hub.com/starpep/ ), to assist researchers in extracting useful information from an integrated collection of 45120 bioactive peptides, which is one of the largest and most diverse data in its field. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of the proposed workflow for discovering central nodes in molecular similarity networks that may represent a biologically relevant chemical space known to date.

Relevant Features of Polypharmacologic Human-Target Antimicrobials Discovered by Machine-Learning Techniques.

Polypharmacologic human-targeted antimicrobials (polyHAM) are potentially useful in the treatment of complex human diseases where the microbiome is important (e.g., diabetes, hypertension). We previously reported a machine-learning approach to identify polyHAM from FDA-approved human targeted drugs using a heterologous approach (training with peptides and non-peptide compounds). Here we discover that polyHAM are more likely to be found among antimicrobials displaying a broad-spectrum antibiotic activity and that topological, but not chemical features, are most informative to classify this activity. A heterologous machine-learning approach was trained with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and tested with human metabolites; these metabolites were labeled as antimicrobials or non-antimicrobials based on a naïve text-mining approach. Human metabolites are not commonly recognized as antimicrobials yet circulate in the human body where microbes are found and our heterologous model was able to classify those with antimicrobial activity. These results provide the basis to develop applications aimed to design human diets that purposely alter metabolic compounds proportions as a way to control human microbiome.

An automatic representation of peptides for effective antimicrobial activity classification.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising alternative to small-molecules-based antibiotics. These peptides are part of most living organisms' innate defense system. In order to computationally identify new AMPs within the peptides these organisms produce, an automatic AMP/non-AMP classifier is required. In order to have an efficient classifier, a set of robust features that can capture what differentiates an AMP from another that is not, has to be selected. However, the number of candidate descriptors is large (in the order of thousands) to allow for an exhaustive search of all possible combinations. Therefore, efficient and effective feature selection techniques are required. In this work, we propose an efficient wrapper technique to solve the feature selection problem for AMPs identification. The method is based on a Genetic Algorithm that uses a variable-length chromosome for representing the selected features and uses an objective function that considers the Mathew Correlation Coefficient and the number of selected features. Computational experiments show that the proposed method can produce competitive results regarding sensitivity, specificity, and MCC. Furthermore, the best classification results are achieved by using only 39 out of 272 molecular descriptors.

What is the Evidence of Lymphoma in Patients with Prostheses Other Than Breast Implants?

INTRODUCTION: Medical devices such as hip, knee, breast, vascular prostheses, among others, are very useful in different pathologies. We cannot doubt that their use is a great tool, besides being an advance in medicine; they provide a change in the quality of life of many patients; however, they are not exempt from adverse reactions and events. METHODS: We conduct a systematic review about lymphoma in the presences of prostheses other than breast implants. RESULTS: We selected 21 publications with a total of 24 patients. The largest number of prostheses was related to long bones in a total of 13 prostheses. The most frequent symptoms were: pain (52%), inflammation (24%), visible or palpable mass 20%. The most frequent type of lymphoma was non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma in 14 cases. DISCUSSION: The presence of microparticles make biological degradation and wear of the implants, with macrophage and lymphocyte activation and the consequent production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). CONCLUSION: Lymphoma is not a common disease in patients with prostheses, and more data are needed to identify risk factors and make proper diagnoses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.